A/Prof Julia Lowe

MB.ChB University of Dundee 1973

FRCP(UK)1991

M.MedSci (Clin.Epi) University of Newcastle NSW 1993

1. Kumar R; Lowe J; Thompson-Hutchison F; Steinberg D; Halperin I. Implementation and Evaluation of Metformin First Protocol for Management of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Canadian Journal of Diabetes 2017;41:S14-15. Coauthor or collaboraton     
2. Thompson-Hutchison F; Oliver C; Steinberg D; Paterson J; Lawton C; Cornish W; Lowe J; Halperin I; Promotion of Safe Self-Management of Diabetes in Hospital. Canadian Journal of Diabetes 2017;41:S26 Coauthor or Collaborator.
3. Liu ZA; Lowe J; Thompson-Hutchison F; Steinberg D; Halperin I; Effects of Insulin Pump Use on Glycemic Control During Labour and Delivery in Type 1 Diabetes. Canadian Journal of Diabetes 2017;41:S78 Coauthor or collaborator
4. Perry L; James S; Steinbeck K; Dunbabin J; Lowe J, Supporting patients with type 1 diabetes using continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion therapy: Difficulties, disconnections, and disarray. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice 2017.1.1 Senior Author
5. Perry L; James S; Steinbeck K; Dunbabin J; Lowe J. Young people with type 1 diabetes: attitudes, perceptions and experiences of diabetes management and continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion therapy. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice 2017;23:554-561 Senior author
6. Banerjee AT, McTavish S Lowe J, Feig D, Ray J, Mukerji G, Gucciardi E, Lipscombe L. Reported Health Behaviour Changes after a Diagnosis of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus among Ethnic Minority Women Living in Canada”. Journal of Immigrant & Minority Health. 2016 Dec 1;18(6):1334-1342. Impact Factor 3.76. Coauthor or Collaborator.
7. Nabila Purno, Tanja Durbic, Kevin Thorpe, Julia Lowe, Joel Ray, Denice Feig, Lorraine Lipscombe. Impact of Normal Postpartum Glucose Tolerance on Postpartum Weight Change in Women with Recent Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Canadian Journal of Diabetes. 2016 Oct 1;40(5):S19. Coauthor or Collaborator.
8. James S, Perry L, Gallagher R and Lowe J. Diabetes Educators: Perceived Experiences, Supports and Barriers to Use of Common Diabetes-Related Technologies. Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology. 2016 Jun 28. In Press (Trainee publication). Coauthor or Collaborator
9. James S, Perry L, Gallagher R, Dunbabin J, Steinbeck K, & Lowe J. Diabetes Educators’ intended and reported use of common diabetes-related technologies: discrepancies and dissonance. Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology. 2016 May 14. Available from: http://dst.sagepub.com/content/early/2016/05/12/1932296816646798.full.pdf?ijkey=vvrK4I5OpoYHt1y&keytype=finite. Co-Principal Author.
10. Perry, Lin; James, Steven; Gallagher, Robyn; Dunbabin, Janet;Steinbeck, Katharine; Lowe, Julia;. Diabetes Educators: Perceived Experiences, Supports and Barriers to Use of Common Diabetes-Related Technologies. Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics. 2016 May 14;10(1):1115-1121 (Trainee publication). Senior Responsible Author.
11. Steinberg D, Montreuil J, Santoro A, Zetta A, Lowe J. The Effects of Glucose Therapy Agents—Apple Juice, Orange Juice, and Cola—on Enteral Tube Flow and Patency. Canadian Journal of Dietetics Practice and Research. 2016 Feb 26 (Trainee publication, Santoro A, Zetta A, Dietetic Interns.). Senior Responsible Author.
12. Bejaimal SAD, Wu CF, Lowe J, Feig DS, Shah BR, Lipscombe LL. Short‐term risk of cancer among women with previous gestational diabetes: a population‐based study. Diabetic Medicine. 2016 Jan 1;33(1):39-46. Coauthor or Collaborator.
13. Mukerji G, Sonika K, Pendrith L, Lowe J, Feig D, Wu W, Bamerjee A, Lipscombe L. Predictors of Low Diabetes Risk Perception in a multi-ethnic cohort of women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetic Medicine. 2015 Dec 1. Impact Factor 3.064. Coauthor or Collaborator.
14. Halperin I, Wong B, Hladunewich M & Lowe J. Increasing Timely Post-Partum Oral Glucose Tolerance Test Completion in Women with Gestational Diabetes: A Quality Improvement Initiative. Canadian Journal of Diabetes. 2015 Dec 1;39(6):451-456. Coauthor or Collaborator
15. Woodbury MG, Sibbald RG, Ostrow B, Persaud R, Lowe JM. Tool for rapid & easy identification of high risk diabetic foot: validation & clinical pilot of the Simplified 60 Second Diabetic Foot Screening Tool. PLoS Medicine. 2015 Jun 29;10(6):e0125578. Impact Factor 15.25. Senior Responsible Author.
16. Lowe J Sibbald RG, Taha NY, Lebovic G, Rambaran M, Kirton R, Bhoj I, Ostrow B. The Guyana Diabetes and Foot Care Project:
    Improved Diabetic Foot Evaluation Reduces Amputation Rates by two thirds in a Lower Middle Income Country. International Journal of Endocrinology. 2015 May 5. Available from: http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ije/2015/920124/. Principal Author
17. Lowe J, Sibbald RG; Taha N;Lebovic G; Martin C. Bhoj I, Kirton R, Ostrow.B. “Title:The Guyana Diabetes and Foot Care Project: A Complex Quality Improvement Intervention to Decrease Major Diabetes-Related Lower Extremity Amputations and Improve Diabetes Care in a Lower Middle Income Country”. PLoS Medicine. 2015 Apr 21. Principal Author.
18. Kaptein S, Evans M, Mactavish S, Feig, D, Lowe J & Lipscombe L. The Subjective Impact of a Diagnosis of Gestational Diabetes Among Ethnically Diverse Pregnant Women: A Qualitative Study. Canadian Journal of Diabetes. 2015 Apr 16;39(2):117-122. Coauthor or Collaborator.
19. Rowbottom L, StinsonJ, McDonald R, Emmenegger U,  Berry S ,  Cheng S, Lowe J, Giotis A, Cheon P, Chow R,  Pasetka M, Thavarajah N, Chow E,  DeAngelis C. Retrospective Review of the Incidence of Monitoring Blood Glucose Levels in Patients Receiving Corticosteroids with Systemic Anti-cancerTherapy. Annals of Palliative Medicine. 2015 Apr 1;4(2):70-77. Coauthor or Collaborator.
20. Sawka A, Goldberg A, Jones J,Zhang J, Lowe J, Ezzat S, Gilbert J, Zahedi A, Segal P, To JK. “A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials for Management of Persistent Post-treatment Fatigue in Thyroid Cancer Survivors”. Thyroid. 2015 Feb. 2015;25(2):198-210. Impact Factor 3.843. Coauthor or Collaborator.
21. Morrison M , Collins C, Lowe J, Giglia R. Factors associated with early cessation of breastfeeding in women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Women and Birth. 2015 Jan 22. Impact Factor 3.172 (Trainee publication, Melind Morrison PhD). Coauthor or Collaborator
22. Dunbabin, D., L. Perry, K. Steinbeck, M. Haas, S. James, and Lowe. Can Telehealth Engage Young People with Type 1 Diabetes? Experiences from the YOuR-Diabetes Project. Australian Diabetes Educator. 2015;18(3):32-34. Co-Principal Author.
23. Simone Kaptein, PhD; Marilyn Evans, PhD, MN; Sarah McTavish, MSc; Ananya T Banerjee, PhD, Denice S Feig, MD, MSc; Julia Lowe, MBChB, M.MED.Sci ;Lorraine Lipscombe, MD PhD. The subjective impact of a diagnosis of gestational diabetes: A qualitative study. Canadian Journal of Diabetes. 2014 Dec 12. Coauthor or Collaborator. 
24. Lipscombe LL Banerjee AT, McTavish S, Mukerji G, Lowe J, Ray J, Evans M, Feig D. Readiness for Diabetes Prevention and Barriers to Lifestyle Change in Women with a History of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Rationale and Study Design. Diabetes Research & Clinical Practice. 2014 Aug 28. Coauthor or Collaborator.
25. Sawka AM, Naeem A, Jones J, Lowe J, P Segal P, Goguen J, Gilbert J, Zahedi A, Kelly C, Ezzat S. Persistent Post-treatment Fatigue in Thyroid Cancer Survivors: A Scoping Review. Endocrinology & Metabolism Clinics of North America. 2014 Jun 30;43(2):475-494. Coauthor or Collaborator. 
26. Steven B James, Lin Perry, Robyn D Gallagher, Julia S Lowe, Janet S Dunbabin, Patrick McElduff, Shamashunder H Acharya and Katherine S Steinbeck. Vascular complications in young adults with type 1 diabetes: prevalence and predictive factors. BMC Endocrine Disorders. 2014 May 14. Impact Factor 2.65 (Trainee publication, Steven James PhD student). Coauthor or Collaborator.  
27. Morrison M, Lowe J & Collins C. Australian women’s experiences of living with gestational diabetes. Women and Birth. 2013. Co-Principal Author. 
28. Lowe J, Lovett E, Attia J, Levi C, Thakkinstian A. “Influence of Glycaemic Control on Outcomes after acute ischaemic stroke”. International Journal of Diabetes Research. Volume 2, Number 1, May 2013) (Trainee publication, Elizabeth Lovett PhD student). Principal Author. 
29. Feig DS, Shah B, Lipscombe LL, Wu F, Ray J, Lowe J Hwee J, Booth G. Preeclampsia as a Risk Factor For Diabetes: A Population-Based Cohort Study. PLoS Medicine. 2013 Apr 6;10(4):e1001425. Impact Factor 16.27. Coauthor or Collaborator. 
30. Alavi A, Lowe J Walsh S, Juurlink D, Mortaz Hejri S & Shear N. Corticosteroid-induced hyperglycaemia is increased tenfold in patients with pemphigus. International Journal of Dermatology. 2012 Oct 1;51(10):1248-1252. Impact Factor 5.543 (Trainee publication, Afsaneh Alavi resident). Co-Principal Author.
31. Sibbald RG,Ayello E,Alavi A, Ostrow B, Lowe J,Boutros M,Goodman L, Woo K, Smart H. A Simplified 60 second screening test (2012) to detect high risk diabetic foot, prevent foot ulcers and lower limb amputations. Advances in Skin and Wound care. 2012 Jul 23;25(10):465-76. Impact Factor 1.438. Coauthor or Collaborator.
32. Morrison MK, Koh D, Lowe JM, Miller YD, Marshall AL, Collins CE. Postpartum diet quality in Australian women following a gestational diabetes pregnancy. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2012 Jul 11;66(10):1160-1165. On line (11 July 2012). Impact Factor 2.756 (Trainee publication, Melinda K Morrison PhD candidate). Coauthor or Collaborator. 
33. Perry L, Lowe J, Steinbeck K, & Dunbabin J. Doing the best they can: experiences of adult diabetes services of young adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus in rural Australia. Journal of Clinical Nursing. 2012;21:1955–1963. Impact Factor 1.194. Co-Principal Author. 
34. Lowe LP, Metzger BE, Dyer AR, Lowe J, McCance DR, Lappin TRJ, Trimble ER, Coustan DR, Hadden DR, Hod M, Oats JJN, Persson B, for the HAPO Study Cooperative Research Group. Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome (HAPO) Study: Associations of A1c and Glucose with Pregnancy Outcomes. Diabetes Care. 2012;35:574-580. Impact Factor 6.78. Coauthor or Collaborator. 
35. Shah BJ, Lipscombe L, Feig DS, Lowe J M. “Missed opportunities for type 2 diabetes screening following gestational diabetes”. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2011;118:1484-1490. Impact Factor 3.437. Co-Principal Author. 
36. Morrison M, Collins C and Lowe J. Dietetic Practice in the Management of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Survey of Australian Dietitians. Nutrition & Dietetics. 2011;68:189-194. Impact Factor 0.724 (Trainee publication, Melinda Morrison PhD). Co-Principal Author.
37. Perry L, Lowe JM, Steinbeck KS & Dunbabin J. Lost in Transition? Access, uptake and outcomes of services for young people with Type 1 diabetes in regional New South Wales. Medical Journal of Australia. 2010;193(8): 444-449. Impact Factor 3.332. Co-Principal Author.
38. Lowe J. The Role of Blood Glucose testing in Diabetes. Australian Prescriber. .2010;33:138-40. Principal Author.
39. Young A, Byles J, DoljaGore X & Lowe J. Systematically organized care improves outcomes for elderly women with diabetes. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice. 16:887-894. Impact Factor 1.843. Senior Responsible Author.
40. Morrison MK, Lowe JM & Collins C. Perceived risk of type 2 diabetes in Australian women with a recent history of gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetic Medicine. 2010;27:882-886. Impact Factor 3.172 (Trainee publication, Melinda Morrison PhD student). Co-Principal Author. 
41. Evans G, Lewin T, Bowen K, Lowe J. Dealing with Anxiety: A cognitive behavioural program for diabetic clinic outpatient attendees. International Journal of Diabetes Mellitus. 2010;2:51-55 (Trainee publication, Gillian Evans mentored by Julia Lowe). Senior Responsible Author.
42. Lowe J, Mensch M, McElduff P, Fitzgerald M & Attia J. Does an advanced insulin education programme improve outcomes for people with Type 2 diabetes and health services? A Five year follow-up of Newcastle Empowerment course. Diabetic Medicine. 2009 26:1277-1281. Impact Factor 3.172. Senior Responsible Author.
43. Morrison M, Collins C and Lowe J. Post-natal testing for diabetes in Australian women following gestational diabetes. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2009; 49: 494-498. Impact Factor 1.139 (Trainee publication, Melinda Morrison PhD student). Co-Principal Author. 
44. MacDonald K, Lowe JM, Barker D, Mensch M, Attia J. Effect of popular takeaway foods on blood glucose levels in type 1 diabetes mellitus patients on intensive insulin therapy. Int J Clin Pract. 2009 Feb;63(2):189-94. Impact Factor 2.007 (Trainee publication, Kirsty Macdonald B.Med. Sci student). Co-Principal Author.
45. HAPO Study Cooperative Research Group. Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome (HAPO) Study: Associations with Neonatal Anthropometrics Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome (HAPO) Study Cooperative Research Group. Diabetes. 2009;58:453-459. Impact Factor 8.396. Coauthor or Collaborator.
46. The HAPO Study Cooperative Research Group. Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes. New England Journal Of Medicine. 2008; 358:1991-2002. Impact Factor 50.017. Coauthor or Collaborator.
47. AF Young, JM Lowe, JE Byles & X. DoljaGore. Cost of Medications for Older Women. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Public Health. . 32(1): 89, 2008 Feb. Impact Factor 1.556. Co-Principal Author.
48. Lowe J, Linjawi S, Mensch M, James K, Attia J. Flexible eating and flexible insulin dosing in patients with diabetes. Results of an intensive self-management course. Diabetes Research & Clinical Practice. 2009; 80: 439-43. Impact Factor 1.888. Principal Author.
49. AF Young, JM Lowe, JE Byles, AJ Patterson. Trends in health service use for women in Australia with diabetes. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health 2005 29: 422-428. Impact Factor 1.349. Coauthor or Collaborator.
50. Stewart-Williams J, Lowe JM, & Candlish P. Using pilot studies to inform health services. Australian Health Review 2005, 29; 478-482. Impact Factor 0.584. Coauthor or Collaborator.
51. Aldrich R, Jackson T, Lowe JM, Wilson A, McGill K, & Stewart-Williams J. Evidence with Equity: a four-step process for using socio-economic evidence in clinical practice guidelines. BMJ 2003; 1283-128. Impact Factor 7.038. Coauthor or Collaborator.
52. Jeacocke D, Sprogis A, Lowe J and Heller R. Adopting guideline review criteria as a part of a regional project to improve heart failure management in general practice. British Journal of Clinical Governance 2002; 7: 104-112. Coauthor or Collaborator.
53. Lowe JM, & Kasap D. Reorganisation of an ailing aged care service. Australian Health Review 2002: 25(6): 156-63. Impact Factor 0.584. Co-Principal Author.
54. Bonevski B, Doran C, Bailey C, & Lowe J. Evaluation of an early discharge post acute care program: length of hospital stay, patient and carer needs and costs. Australian Health Review 2002; 25: 78-86. Impact Factor 0.584. Co-Principal Author.
55. Lowe J. Hypertension in diabetes. Australian Prescriber 2002; 25(1) 8-10.
56. HAPO Study Cooperative Group. The Hyperglycaemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome (HAPO) Study. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2002; 78: 69-77. Impact Factor 1.228. Coauthor or Collaborator.
57. Lowe JM, Whyte P, Gordon A, and Gebuehr A. Changes in the quality of diabetes care between 1994-1999. MJA 2001; 175: 229. Impact Factor 3.331. Principal Author.
58. Lowe JM, Henry DA, Candlish P, Wlodarcyk J Fletcher P. Specialist or generalist care ? A study of the impact of a selective admitting policy for patients with cardiac failure. Int J Quality in Health Care 2000; 4: 339-345. Impact Factor 1.881. Principal Author.
59. Holliday J, Lowe J, Outram S. Australian Women’s Experience of Myocardial Infarction. International Journal of Nursing Practice vol 6 issue 6 Dec 2000. Impact Factor 2.31 (Trainee publication, Julie Holliday master’sstudent). Senior Responsible Author.
60. Miles T, Lowe JM. Are Unplanned Readmissions to Hospital Really Preventable? Journal of Quality in Clinical Practice 1999; 19: 211-214. Co-Principal Author.
61. Candlish P, Watts P, Redman S, Whyte P, and Lowe JM. Elderly patients with heart failure: A study of satisfaction with care and quality of life. Int J Quality in Health Care 1998; 10: 141-146. Impact Factor 1.881. Co-Principal Author.
62. Lowe JM, Candlish PM, Henry DA, Wlodarcyk JH, Heller RF and Fletcher PJ. Management and outcomes of congestive heart failure: a prospective study of hospitalised patients. MJA 1998; 168: 115-118. Impact Factor 3.331. Principal Author.
63. Lowe JM and Bowen K. Evaluation of a diabetes education programme in Newcastle, NSW. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 1997; 38: 91-101. Impact Factor 1.888. Principal Author.
64. Lowe JM, Kerridge I. Implementation of guidelines for no-CPR orders by a general medicine unit in a teaching hospital. Aust NZ J Med 1997: 27; 379-83. Co-Principal Author.
65. Phillips PJ, Phillipou G, Bowen K, Lowe J, Yue DK, Wischusen J, Pater G. Effect of Cilazapril on Microalbuminuria in Normotensive Diabetic Patients. American J. Med 1991(suppl). Coauthor or Collaborator.
66. Heller SR, Lowe JM, Johnson, et al. Seven Years Experience of Home Management in Pregnancy in Women with Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Medicine Vol.1, 1984, 199-204. Impact Factor 3.172. Co-Principal Author.
67. Lowe JM, Segal-Eiras A, Iles PB, & Baldwin RW. Circulating Immune Complexes in Patients with Lung Cancer. Thorax 1981, 36: 56-59. Principal Author.
68. Tattersall RB, Lowe JM. Diabetes in Adolescence. Diabetologia 1981, 20: 517:523. Impact Factor 6.418. Co-Principal Author.
69. Henry DA, Lowe JM, Lawson DH. & Whiting B. The Changing Pattern of Toxicity to Digoxin. Postgraduate Medical Journal 1981, 57: 358-362. Impact Factor 1.538. Coauthor or Collaborator.
70. Lowe GDO, Lowe JM, Drummond MM. et al. Blood Viscosity on Young Male Diabetics with and without Retinopathy. Diabetologia, 1980, 18: 359-365.
71. Lowe JM, Iles PB, ShoreDF, Langman MJS, & Baldwin RW. Intrapleural BCG in Operable Lung Cancer. Lancet 1980 i: 11-14.
72. Lawson DH, Henry DA, Lowe JM, Gray JMB, & Morgan HG. Severe Hypokalaemia in Hospitalised Patients. Archives of Internal Medicine, 1979, 139, 9: 78-80.
73. Lawson DH, Henry DA, Lowe JM, Reavey P, Rennie JN & Solomon A. Acetylator Phenotype in Spontaneous S.L.E. and Rheumtoid Arthritis. Annals of Rheumatic Diseases. 1979, 38: 171-173.
74. Lowe JM, Gray J, Henry DA, Lawson DH. Adverse Reactions to Frusemide in Hospitalised Patients. B.M.J. 1979, 2: 360-363.
75. Henry DA, Lowe JM, & Donnelly T. Jaundice During Cyproheptadine Therapy. B.M.J. 1978 1: 753.
76. Henry DA, Lowe JM, Citrin D, Manderson WG. Defective Absorption of Injected Insulin. Lancet, 1978, 2: 741.

Book Chapters

1. Byles J, Young A, & Lowe J. Women’s knowledge and self-management of diabetes. in : Women and Diabetes, Published by Nova Press. Co-Principal Author.
2. Tantorres T, Evans D and Lowe JM. Chapter 5 Some Strategies to reduce risk. In: World Health Report 2002 Reducing Risks, Promoting Healthy Life, May 2003.
3. O’Connell D, Glasziou P, Hill, S, Sarunac J, Lowe J, Henry D. Results of Clinical Trials and Systematic Reviews: To whom do they apply? In: SAGE Advanced Handbook of Methods in Health Technology Assessment (2000). Coauthor or Collaborator.

Editorials

1. Julia Lowe. Yentyl Resurgat: Inadequate management of CV risk in women. Internal Medicine Journal. 2011;41:713-715. Principal Author.

Commentaries

1. International Association for Diabetes In Pregnancy Study Group. IADPSG recommendations on the diagnosis and classification of hyperglycaemia in pregnancy. Diabetes Care. 2010; 33:676-682. Impact Factor 6.718. Coauthor or Collaborator.

Letters to Editor

1. Ostrow B Taha N, Sibbald RG Lowe JM. Sex disaggregated diabetes prevalence study in Guyana needed. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice. 2014 Jul 27;106(2):e17. Impact Factor 2.74 (Trainee publication, Dr Taha Endocrine trainee). Senior Responsible Author.

Monographs

1. Devitt L, Davidson P, Drummond K, Lowe J, Merriman T, Stott S, Vamos M. A Pilot Study of a Facilitated personal mentoring Scheme for Female Basic Surgical Trainees. Royal Australasian College of Physicians 2001. Coauthor or Collaborator.
2. Lowe JM and Bonevski B. Changing the Focus of Care from Hospital to the Community- a systematic review of the literature. Report for Hunter Area Health Service July 2000. Co-Principal Author.

Multimedia

1. Julia Lowe. History written on the heart. Lancet Diabetes and Endocrinology. 3(2):158. Principal Author.

Conference Paper

1. AF Young, JM Lowe, JE Byles & X. DoljaGore. Health care for women with diabetes living in rural areas. Conference paper Rural health conference 2007http://9thnrhc.ruralhealth.org.au/program/docs/papers/young_A5_2.pdf accessed 30th Oct 2008.
2. Brown WJ, Young AF,Byles J Lowe J. Keeping diabetes under control: Using record linkage to evaluate health care and health outcomes for women with diabetes. 8th Annual National Health Outcomes Conference Proceedings. Health Outcomes 2002:. , Current Challenges and Future Frontiers, Canberra, ACT, (). 17-18 July, 2002. Coauthor or Collaborator.

1. Julia Lowe. Dealing with Gestational Diabetes. Medical Post. Principal Author.

Thesis

1. Lowe, Julia. Use of Diabetes Education Services in the Hunter Region of NSW. 1993 M.Med.Sci, University of Newcastle NSW. Principal Author.